Contents of a Good Research Proposal 1. A title that is appealing and meaningful, reflecting the contents of the research proposal. 2. An abstract that should be motivating to the reader. It should present the managerial/societal problem Contents of the Research Report 1. Introduction. The research report should ordinarily start with a statement of the problem selected for investigation. 2. Method (Design of Study). The readers of the report do like to know in detail how the research was carried out and 3. Results of the Estimated Reading Time: 11 mins It is usually not present in shorter research articles, since most empirical papers have similar structure.. A well laid out table of contents allows readers to easily navigate your paper and
Parts of a Research Paper [9 Major Sections] - BohatALA
After reading this article you will learn about the contents of a research report. It includes:- 1. Introduction 2. Method 3. Results of the Study 4. Discussion 5. Summary or Abstract 6. References 7, content of research paper. The research report should ordinarily start with a statement of the problem selected for investigation. The reporter should introduce the background and nature of the problem under investigation.
Although quite a few times the study might be posing a simple empirical question about human behaviour or might be directed toward a practical problem or some policy-issue, the researcher must place the question or the content of research paper into a larger, theoretical or practical context.
This helps the readers to appreciate why the problem is of a general significance and theoretic import. Regardless of the nature of the study, it is important that an intelligent but, may be, a non-professional person would be able to understand the nature content of research paper problem and appreciate its larger relevance.
The report should not contain a lot of jargon except when there is no feasible alternative to it, certain constraints warranting its use. The reader is not always prepared to intelligibly appreciate the problem of research, he is often not conversant with the relevant theoretic structure. Hence, it is important that the general reader is gradually led up to the formal theoretic statement of the problem.
Intelligible examples are necessary for illustrating theoretic ideas and the technical terms. It is extremely desirable that a summary of the current state of knowledge in the area of investigation is presented, content of research paper, once the problem of the study is explained.
The summary should comprise allusions to the previous researches conducted in the problem-area, and pertinent theories relating to the phenomena if content of research paper. A researcher must have familiarized himself with the previous work in the field before designing the study, content of research paper.
Most of the literature search should have been done by the time the researcher is ready to write the report. If the researcher was required to recast his study in a somewhat different framework than his initial problem would warrant, he would need to give references he had not previously consulted. That is, he will be obliged to go back to the literature which in the light of the above shift has become relevant. Review of previous work should comprise only the pertinent findings and insights relating to the issue the researcher is dealing with.
If such a review article already exists, the researcher will do well to simply address his readers to the review article and present only the bare highlights in the report. Towards the end of the section on introduction, it is desirable that the researcher introduces his own study in a brief overview. This affords a smooth transition into the method section which follows the introductory section. The readers of the report do like to know in detail how the research was carried out and what its basic design was like.
Suppose the research involved experimentation, the readers would like to know the nature of experimental manipulation; the method and points at which measurements were taken and so on.
The readers also need to know, in case of the descriptive and exploratory studies, how the data were collected, the nature of questions asked, the strategies adopted by interviewers during the collection of data, the training they had and the recording procedure adopted for recording of responses. The readers also need to know how the observations or replies to questions were translated into measures of the variables with which the enquiry was concerned, in the main, e.
In regard to the sample covered by the study with a view to arriving at general conclusions about the population which the sample supposedly represents, the readers are expected to be told about the general character of the subjects, the number of them covered by the sample, mode of selection etc.
Information on these points is crucial for understanding the probable limits of generalizability of the findings, i, content of research paper. This information can betray the biases of the researcher in selecting the subjects for the study.
Thus, the claim of the researcher as to generalizability of findings to population content of research paper large could be evaluated. Although meaningful studies based on a small number of cases barely representing a specifiable population are possible, content of research paper, nevertheless, the number of characteristics of the respondent on which the findings are based must be plainly reported so that readers are enabled to arrive at their own verdict regarding the applicability of the given findings to other groups similarly placed in the social structure.
If the researcher has conducted a complex experiment, the report should include some description of the study as it was seen from the viewpoint of the subjects.
This would involve a description of the subjects, the experimental setting, and the variables assessed. The sequence of events in a chronological order also needs to be presented to the reader, who, content of research paper, in a sense, is carried through the experience as though he was a subject. All this goes a long way toward giving the reader a feel of what it would have been like to be a subject. This has an important bearing on the interpretation of study results, and understandably, the reader is placed thereby in a position to judge the worth of the study results.
The report should advisedly make a mention of how the participants in the research were compensated for their time and effort and if there was deception practiced on them in the course of the study, content of research paper.
Such unethical practices like deception or misinformation about the procedure cannot unfortunately be dispensed with in certain studies. The readers need to be told how these human participants were told about these practices afterwards, content of research paper, the amount of freedom afforded to subjects in the matter of withdrawing their participation, subjection to threats, concealed observations of them, strategies for protecting their anonymity etc.
The section is closed generally with statement that informs the conclusions reached as also the qualifications imposed upon them by the conceptual and practical difficulties faced by the researcher in executing the study-design in a content of research paper he would ideally have desired. Content of research paper if the researcher wishes to present different kinds of results before he is able to integrate them or draw any inferences based on them or if he wants to discuss certain matters in the final discussion then the discussion section is better presented separately.
Of course, even here there cannot be a pure results section without an attendant discussion. For example, if the study required of the researcher that he produce two groups radically differing from each other in the character of their emotions, the report must demonstrate that the ratings on the two groups were conclusively different and it was not that the difference occasioned as a matter of chance.
In case the investigation required observers to record behaviour of the judges entrusted with rating the responses, the report should present quantitative proof of reliability of the recordings or ratings. The result section should usually begin with a discussion on the safeguards and strategies adopted by the researcher to negate bias and unreliability in the course of the study.
It is quite possible that some of these content of research paper would have already found a place in the meth od section. It is equally likely that in some studies discussion on these matters is rightly postponed to the final discussion section, where researcher tries to adduce alternative explanations of the study results.
What should be included content of research paper the beginning of the results section so that the readers are satisfied that the stage was successfully set for testing the research hypotheses, is a decision which would be governed by an understanding of the overall state of study results. No hard and fast rules lead to this decision. Secondly, the method of data-analysis is a matter to be dealt with at the beginning of the results section. The readers must be told next, about the statistical analysis itself.
If this analysis was unconventional or unorthodox and warranted certain statistical assumptions, a detailed discussion giving out the rationale for it, is called for. This could be the place in the report to afford the readers an overview of the results section, if it is fairly complicated. The general rule of reporting research findings is to commence with the central findings and then move on to the more peripheral ones. This rule is also applicable to the sub-sections and it is advisable that the basic findings are stated first, followed by elaborations of them, as needed.
If the beginning is made with the most central results, the progress in reporting should follow the line suggested below:. For example, is democratic content of research paper atmosphere more conducive to learning by students as compared to the authoritarian atmosphere?
This should be followed by an elaboration of the overall conclusions. Limitations imposed upon these conclusions by certain factors which might have operated to produce results that may not be expected in a larger class of such situations should be honestly spelt out. Failing this, the readers would have no basis of knowing whether or not the findings may be attributed to the chance factor.
The inferential statistics though important, do no constitute the core of the narrative and should be subordinated to the substantive results. The real purpose of descriptive statistics or indices should be to present to the readers the behaviour of people as vividly as possible. Thus, the reader is in a position to grasp the findings by reading the narration or by looking at the tables or figures, embodying result of interest.
Towards the end of this section, is demonstrated the statistical reliability of the results. It is often useful to illustrate how particular individuals covered by the study behaved. Besides the illustrative function, this adds richness to the study-findings.
Especially for the more complex studies having more abstract and extensive implications, discussion constitutes a separate section. The section on discussion forms a coherent narration with the introductory section of the report. Concerns of central importance to the researcher in view of his problem and hence embodied in the introduction section should appear again in the discussion for the discussion proceeds from the specific matters about the study through the more abiding and general concerns to the most inclusive generalization the researcher wishes to make.
The inferences that may be drawn from the findings should be clearly presented. These may often content of research paper at a high level of abstraction. If this be the case, the conceptual or theoretic linkages would need to be explicated.
Let us take an example. However, the researcher may wish to carry his inference to a higher level of abstraction, especially if there is some partially developed theory to which it may be possible to link his finding or if there have been other studies in which the specific phenomena are different but these can be understood in terms of the same abstract principle.
On the basis of this abstract concept, content of research paper, the researcher may be able to link up the finding of his study to those of some other study which reported that in a community hit by a natural disaster some people who had themselves suffered loss of property and bereavement went out to help certain other families content of research paper the loss and bereavement suffered by these families as viewed by those who went out to help, was much greater compared to their own.
This phenomenon though different from the earlier one in concrete content, can be understood in terms of the same abstract principle which explains the dissatisfaction among teachers despite the increased objective gain. The questions that still lie unanswered may also be alluded to. It is quite in order at this point to compare the results of the study with those reported by other investigators.
The possible short-comings of the study should be honestly brought out, content of research paper. The readers must be told about the conditions that might have limited the extent of legitimate generalization. The specific characteristics of the method employed by the researcher which might have influenced the results or some factors that might have led to atypical results merit mention.
On the contrary, if the study results suggest the beginnings of a new theory which injects amazing clarity into the data and affords a very meaningful view of the problem- area, it would be advisable to rewrite the entire report beginning with the new theory. The aim of scientific reporting is to provide the most informative, instructive and compelling framework for the study right from the first sentence. In a way, the title of research report itself serve as part of the summary or abstract.
Ideally, it conveys the content of the study as accurately and clearly as possible. A potential reader can on this basis decide whether or not to go ahead to read it. Those titles that mention both the dependent and independent variables are obviously the most informative ones.
The section on references comprises a list of all books and articles cited in the text of the research report. The reference should clearly indicate the name of the author, content of research paper, the title of the book or article, the journal in which it appears, the publisher, place of publication and the year of publication.
The appendix to a report consists of copies of materials used in the study, like questionnaire, attitude scale, content of research paper, stimulus content of research paper, drawings of apparatuses, etc. This is expected to help a person who would like to replicate the study.
A second appendix might contain tables of data which are too extensive and seemingly too marginal to be included in the body of the report. ResearchSocial ResearchResearch ReportContentsContents of the Research Report. Your Article Library Home Static Main Menu Home Share Your Files Disclaimer Privacy Policy Contact Us Prohibited Content Prohibited Content Image Content of research paper Plagiarism Prevention Content Filtrations Terms of Service Account Disabled.
5. Table of Contents and Parts Of Research Paper
, time: 9:26Contents of the Research Report
· The Table of Contents (TOC) is an organized listing of the chapters and major sections of your document. Readers will immediately be able to see how your manuscript is organized and then skip down to sections that are most relevant to them. A clear, concise, and well formatted TOC is the first indicator of a good research blogger.com: Brett Porter Contents of the Research Report 1. Introduction. The research report should ordinarily start with a statement of the problem selected for investigation. 2. Method (Design of Study). The readers of the report do like to know in detail how the research was carried out and 3. Results of the Estimated Reading Time: 11 mins Contents of a Good Research Proposal 1. A title that is appealing and meaningful, reflecting the contents of the research proposal. 2. An abstract that should be motivating to the reader. It should present the managerial/societal problem
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